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Santa goes by many names – Santa Claus, St. Nick, Kris Kringle, or Father Christmas. He lives at the North Pole, where he also has a toy workshop. He keeps an eye on children around the world and he knows if they’ve been naughty or nice! Just before Christmas, children can write letters to Santa asking for specific toys for Christmas. On Christmas Eve, Santa loads up his sleigh with a sack full of toys. His sleigh is pulled by 9 reindeer (including Rudolph with his bright red nose!) and he flies through the air from rooftop to rooftop to deliver all the toys. At each house he quietly slides down the chimney and puts the gifts under the Christmas Tree before going back up the chimney and on to the next house!

If Christmas is about celebrating the birth of Christ (as I explained previously), how did this legend of Santa develop at the same time? To discover the answer to this question, we must take a trip through time, because he is a combination of many different historical characters…

St. Nicholas

Let’s start by taking a look at St. Nicholas. Nicholas lived over 1600 years ago in a town called Mira (an ancient town in what is now Turkey). He was orphaned at a young age and used the inheritance his parents left him to help people in need. He was a kind, selfless and generous man who dedicated his life to serving God and was later made a Bishop. He often went out at nights taking presents to the needy, especially children, paying special attention to orphans. He died on Dec 6th, 343 A.D. All over Europe, Dec 6th is still celebrated as St. Nicholas Day. On St. Nicholas Eve (Dec 5th), St. Nicholas still leaves small treats for children in their shoes! This is where the tradition of giving gifts to children near Christmas began.

The Dutch called St. Nicholas Sinterklaas [klaas is short for Niklaas]. When the Dutch immigrated to North America, they brought their customs and traditions with them – including celebrating St. Nicholas Eve. Sinterklaas was difficult for English speakers to pronounce, so it came out sounding like Santa Claus instead!

Christkindl

In the 16th century, during the Protestant Reformation in Germany, Martin Luther (who led the Reformation) did not like the continued popularity of St. Nicholas, especially so close to Christmas. He thought that focusing on St. Nicholas distracted people from the real purpose of Christmas – celebrating the birth of Christ. He introduced the character of Christkindl (or ‘Christ child’) to replace St. Nicholas. The Christkindl was portrayed a young child with blond hair, wearing a golden crown and angel wings, who would bring gifts to children at Christmas time. When this European tradition was brought to America, the English pronunciation became Kris Kringle, now another name for Santa Claus.

Father Christmas

After the Reformation, England went a step further and banned Christmas completely! People focused on their family and children at Christmas instead of a religious figure. Father Christmas became the personification of Christmas. He was portrayed as a tall thin man who celebrated by eating a lot, drinking, and generally having fun around the time of the Winter Solstice (Dec 21st) and Christmas. Though he was a replacement for St. Nicholas, he was not a religious figure and until the end of the 19th century he had nothing to do with giving gifts to children!

By the 19th century, all these European traditions were brought to North America and mixed together to create both religious and non-religious traditions at Christmas. Eventually, Santa Claus developed into a uniquely American character!

Santa Claus

In 1832, Clement Moore wrote a poem called A Visit From Saint Nicholas. It is more commonly known by its first verse “’Twas the night before Christmas. . .” This poem contributed greatly to the legend of Santa in North America! In the poem, for the first time Santa (St. Nick) was described as travelling on Christmas Eve in a sleigh pulled by reindeer that flew from rooftop to rooftop. He carried a sack full of toys and he slid down the chimney to put the toys under the Christmas tree. He was described as a chubby and plump jolly old elf with a white beard, and all dressed in fur – he wasn’t wearing a red suit yet!

Inspired by Clement Moore’s poem, the political cartoonist Thomas Nast drew the first picture of Santa as we know him today in 1863 for the cover of a magazine called Harper’s Weekly. The first cartoon showed Santa just as Moore described him: a plump little elf with a beard, sitting in a sleigh pulled by eight reindeer. Like Moore, Nast also embellished the legend of Santa with new details. He drew Santa sitting in a toy workshop at the North Pole. He showed Santa with a list of all the good and bad children around the world (and Santa always knows if children are naughty or nice because he watches them throughout the year!) It was Nast who put Santa in a red suit and who suggested the idea of leaving a snack out for Santa! His cartoons of Santa were so popular he continued to draw Santa for next 30 years.

By the early 1900s, a distinctly North American Santa had emerged. Most people believe our modern idea of Santa came from Coca-Cola advertisements, but this is not true! It is a myth promoted by Coca-Cola. Before the Coca-Cola advertising campaign of 1931 depicting Santa, other images of Santa as imagined by Moore and Nast spread widely. The White Rock Beverages Company used Santa in their ads beginning in 1915. Norman Rockwell drew pictures of Santa in his red suit for the Saturday Evening Post. Beginning in 1931 and continuing for the next 30 years, Coca-Cola used Santa in their advertisements and Christmas. These ads were widely seen in magazines and then later on T.V.

Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

Santa’s 9th reindeer – Rudolph – was introduced in 1939. Robert May wrote the poem Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer when he worked for the American department store Montgomery Ward. He was asked to create a poem to be given away to children at Christmas, so he created a story about a reindeer with an unusually bright, red-colored nose who was asked by Santa to guide his sleigh through bad weather. It was later adapted into a song that is now a popular Christmas carol!

From St. Nicholas to advertising campaigns for drinks, that is how Santa came to play such an important role at Christmas!

For many people learning English, listen and hear are possibly the two most confusing verbs! When can you use listen or hear? In this post I will explain the difference between the two verbs, and when you can use them.

Take a look at these sentences:

• I was listening to the radio when I heard the phone ring.
• I’m listening but I can’t hear you!
• Shhh! Listen! Did you hear that? I think I heard a noise.

Can you see the difference?

• Can you hear me? [Is my voice loud enough? Can you hear me making a sound/a noise?]
• I heard a noise outside.
• My grandmother is getting old. She can’t hear very well.
• What did you say? I can’t hear you. You’ll have to speak up.

*Hear is NOT used in a continuous tense. Instead, use can hear:

• I can hear you! [NOT I am hearing you.]
• I couldn’t hear you! [NOT I am not hearing you.]

• Are you listening to me? [Are you paying attention to what I am saying? Are you paying attention to me?]
• Listen! = Pay attention!
• We listened carefully to the president’s speech.
• My lawyer did all the talking – I just sat and listened.

*Remember: when listen has an object, use to – you listen TO someone or something:

• I like listening TO music!
• I’m listening TO you! [NOT I listen you]
• Listen TO me! [NOT Listen me!]
• Do you like to listen to music? [NOT Do you like listen music?]

1) Hear can also be used to talk about the result of listening – when you want to talk about something you experienced or listened to:

• I hear what you’re saying but I don’t agree with you. [I’ve just finished listening to you]
• I heard a great song on the radio this morning. [I was listening to the radio this morning]
• I heard the choir sing at Roy Thompson Hall last year. [Last year I went to Roy Thompson Hall and I listened to the choir sing.]
• You haven’t heard a word I’ve said!

2) to hear from someone

• Have you heard from Jeff? He said he’d call today.
• “Hi, Mary! It’s nice to hear from you! We haven’t talked in such a long time.”
• I got a card from Jen today. It was nice to hear from her.

3) Hear can also be used to express that you have been told or learned (of) something, like news.

• I’ll let you know if I hear anything.
• Did you hear the news yesterday? Ken was in a car accident.

*When talking about news that you have heard, read, or seen on TV, you can use hear with a that clause [ hear in the present tense]:

• I hear (that) you’re expecting a baby.
• I hear (that) you’ve bought a new house.
• I hear (that) John was fired yesterday.

Here are some quizzes you can do to practice listen or hear (**please note: these links will take you to other websites):
Quiz #1

Quiz #2
*the quiz is all on one page; don’t click ‘next.’
Quiz #3

I hope this post helped you to understand the difference between listen and hear! I hope you can confidently use listen or hear now!

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It’s beginning to look a lot like Christmas!

The Christmas season has begun and everyone is getting into the Christmas spirit! We wish each other ‘Merry Christmas’ and send Christmas cards to family and friends. We decorate the outside of our houses in brightly coloured lights and the inside with Christmas-themed decorations. Every town and city has a Santa Claus parade. Workplaces have end-of-year parties. It’s a fun time of year!

For children, Christmas is the best day of the year! Weeks before Christmas, children have their picture taken with Santa at the local mall. They write letters to Santa telling him whether they’ve been naughty or nice and telling him what they want for Christmas. On Christmas Eve, children put out cookies and milk for Santa (he has a long night ahead of him!). When they wake up in the morning – presents! Lots of them! Just for them under the Christmas Tree!

[Somewhere around the age of 8-10, children come to realize (or are told by cruel older children) that there is no Santa Claus. This is a very sad day for kids.]

Every December, my family has an annual Christmas party for all our aunts, uncles, and cousins. On Christmas morning, we gather around the Christmas tree to open presents. Afterwards, we have a huge breakfast – usually pancakes with maple syrup and bacon. In the afternoon, we rest before more family comes over for more gift-exchanges and a huge dinner!

What is Christmas?

The primary purpose of Christmas is to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ, the central figure of the Christian religion. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word Christmas comes from the Old English Cristes maese, or ‘the mass of Christ.’ Christians believe that Jesus fulfilled the prophecies of the Old Testament of the Messiah being sent by God to save everyone.

Actually, we don’t really know the date of Jesus’ birth! Celebrating birthdays was not important in early Christianity, and the Bible does not record any date for his birth. It’s believed that the date December 25th was chosen by the Church in the 4th century to persuade people to celebrate Christian festivals rather than pagan ones.

Sometimes you may see ‘Xmas’ written instead of Christmas. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, X is the first letter in the Greek word for Christ (XPISTOS), so X is used as an abbreviation of the syllable ‘Christ.’ You may also see the word ‘Noel’ used. As well as the French word for Christmas, it also comes from the old English word ‘Nowell,’ meaning ‘the feast of Christmas.’ ‘Nowell’ was also used as an interjection to express joy and commemorate the birth of Christ.

People who don’t like Christmas are often called ‘Scrooge’ after a mean character from Charles Dickens’ novel A Christmas Carol. We also call people like that ‘the Grinch’ from the Dr. Seuss book How the Grinch Stole Christmas.

Related Posts:
Who is Santa Claus?
Canadian Thanksgiving
Trick or Treat – It’s Halloween!
Valentine’s Day
Happy St. Patrick’s Day
It’s Easter time!

Hello! It’s nice to meet you. Thank you for checking out my website and taking the time to learn more about me! Please stay awhile and have a look around.

I am Canadian. My accent and grammar are American, but sometimes my spelling is British (that’s the Canadian way!).

Being an online teacher is the best job in the world! I get to talk to people from all over the world, learn about their lives and their culture, and help them with their English. I started teaching English in 2007. I received my TESOL certificate from the Canadian Centre for Language and Cultural Studies. Since then, I have helped thousands* of students improve their English.

I have a Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) business degree from one of Canada’s top universities. I spent time working as an analyst for a Canadian retail company. Later, I spent 5 years working and travelling extensively throughout Europe as a tour manager.

I work hard to help my students to not only be functional in English, but fluent.

I know what it is like to try to learn another language – I’ve been trying to learn French since I was 8 years old! I know how frustrating it is and how much work goes into it. Learning a language is an individual pursuit, but sometimes you need some guidance!

Memorizing words and grammar rules is the easy part of learning English – it’s the strange pronunciation and all the expressions and cultural references that are difficult to understand! That’s why this website is here, to help guide you through the maze of English. Here you’ll find something to help improve each language skill: speaking, listening, and reading, as well as vocabulary and grammar explanations!

Learning English takes a lot of time, patience and effort. It’s not always fun and easy! In order to improve your English, you need to make English a part of your life. Do something in English every day!

I look forward to getting to know you and helping you improve your English!

Melanie

*I have taught students from:

Puerto Rico, Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Dominican Republic, Guadalupe, Martinique, Cuba, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, The Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Germany, France, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bosnia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iran, Qatar, Palestine, Yemen, India, Pakistan, Tunisia, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Congo, Angola, Cameroon, Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Mongolia, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, and French Polynesia.